Groupthink irving janis coined the term groupthink, which happens when ingroup pressures lead to a deterioration in mental efficiency, poor tasting of reality, and lax moral judgment janis, 1982. Janis felt that such intense cohesion was likely to be found in very high echelon decision groups such as jfks cabinet or nixons inner circle of advisors where the perks of membership are at intoxicating levels and the credibility of fellow members is extremely high. Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes, 2 nd ed. The material in this article is based on groupthink by irving l. Houghton mifflin, 1982 groupthink, a term coined by social psychologist irving janis 1972, occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a. The making of such decisions is frequently attributed to the groupthink phenomenon. Groupthink principles and fundamentals in organizations. Groupthink principles and fundamentals in organizations journal.
These antecedents include insulation of the group from experts and restricted search and appraisal of information. Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decisionmaking outcome. Preventing groupthink risk through deliberative discussion. Janis 1982 used the label of groupthink interchangeably with concurrenceseeking, which w as not clearly described as a grouplevel variable. Groupthink according to irving janis 1982 is a deterioration of mental efficiency. He made plausible the hypothesis that each of these events can, to a considerable extent, be attributed to the occurrence of a very. Janis summarizes this attitude as everything is going to work out all right because we are a special group.
Groupthink became extremely popular in a wide range of literature. Janis, 1982, houghton mifflin edition, in english 2nd ed. Groupthink is a term developed by social psychologist irving janis in 1972 to describe. When you fill a room with smart, capable people, why do decisions sometimes go so wrong. Gejala groupthink menurut irving janis 1982 1 2 2 17.
This article is adapted from the authors recent book, victims of groupthink. Preexisting conditions lead groups to concurrence seeking. Download as pptx, pdf, txt or read online from scribd. Janis irving l 1982 groupthink psychological studies of. Janis victims of groupthink paul t hart1 introduction victims of groupthink. Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes, second edition, new york.
The effects of group cohesiveness and leader behavior on janis 1982 symptoms of. Avoiding groupthink means that everybody should be free to express an. Top management teams of sevenfortune 500companies were examined at two historical juncturesone when the team was successful defined as satisfying. Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascos. Dec 01, 2006 janis 1982 described groupthink as a temporary derangement that diminishes the capacity of groups to make sound decisions, and recommended several measures to prevent it from emerging. Ppt what is groupthink groupthink, a term coined by social. Groupthink psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascos. Nasa groupthink free download as powerpoint presentation. Groupthink psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes 2nd edition by janis, irving l. First, we explicitly consider and measure the core construct of groupthink phenomenon. In an unprecedented way, janis applied ideas from smallgroup analysis to the explanation of policy fiascoes. Janis several times set out lists of the symptoms of groupthink, and his lengthy study included much analysis of its other attributes. Concurrence seeking occurs when groups try to reach consensus in their final decision.
Next, a path analytic procedure was utilized to test the implied causal ordering of the groupthink model janis, 1982, p. First, the paper discusses the importance of groupthink in contributing to unethical behavior. Levine, solomon aschs legacy for group research, journal of personality and social psychology 3, no. This study explored the heuristic value of janis 1982 groupthink and vigilant decision making models as explanations of failure and. Tokoh teori groupthink irving lester janis lahir pada tanggal 15 november 1918 di buffalo, new york. Irving janis introduced the theory of groupthink in his classic study victims of. Articles warning of the dangers of groupthink and suggesting remedies appeared in management, psychology, and sociology periodicals. It tends to occur in highly cohesive groups in which the group. Janis chose the term groupthink because of its frankly orwellian connotation, similar to doublethink and crimethink. Janis, and published in 1982 by wadsworth, cengage learning.
Results supported some, but not all, of the symptoms and defects postulated by janis. Although janis groupthink theory was based on historical case studies and not empirical evidence it quickly found mass appeal. Twohundredeight college students were divided into fourperson groups to solve a hypothetical business problem during taperecorded group discussion sessions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 42 1982, pp. According to janis, groupthink is detrimental to effective decisionmaking in that concurrence seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive ingroup that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative. Get your kindle here, or download a free kindle reading app. Linking groupthink to unethical behavior in organizations. Twenty five years of groupthink theory and soc ucsb edu pdf free download alive and well after 25 years. Groupthink and the hostage rescue mission british journal. Article information, pdf download for a partial test of janis groupthink. But what janis more generally showed through each of his carefully researched case studies was how this form of collective human psychology operates according to certain clearly identifiable rules. Oct 21, 2020 groupthink by irving lester janis, irving l. In an unprecedented way, janis applied ideas from smallgroup analysis to the explana tion of policy fiascoes. Adapted by permission of the free press, a division of macmillan, inc.
The first chapter will begin by revisiting janis 1972, 1982 groupthink model, then incorporate the eight symptoms and six decisionmaking defects of groupthink janis determined to be synonymous with this phenomenon. Feb 01, 1998 this study explored the heuristic value of janis 1982 groupthink and vigilant decision making models as explanations of failure and success in top management team decision making using the organizational group dynamicsqsort gdq. Oct, 2020 janis argues that groupthink happens in highly cohesive teams of decisionmakers who have a strong belief in their own and the leaders abilitieswhat he called the illusion of invulnerability. Janis 1982 observes three categories of symptoms of groupthink. Third, symptoms of groupthink such as arrogance, overcommitment, and excessive loyalty to the group will be. Ppt groupthink theory free download as powerpoint presentation. This causes the group to minimize conflict and reach a consensus.
A psychological study of foreignpolicy decisions and fiascoes. This paper reports results of an empirical investigation of the groupthink theoreticalframework presented in janis second edition of groupthink. Groupthink according to irving janis 1982 is a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment, that results from ingroup pressure all academic inc. Ppt what is groupthink groupthink, a term coined by. Irving lester janis may 26, 1918 november 15, 1990 was a research psychologist at yale university and a professor emeritus at the university of california, berkeley most famous for his theory of groupthink which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions. Factor analysis was used to develop scales to measure the aspects of groupthink proposed by janis 1982. A laboratory test of some implications of janiss groupthink hypothesis. Zovedonoxo pacubedawoka lede apk mirror mod apk download doga. Buku yang ditulis psychological stress 1958, victims of groupthink 1972, decision making 1977, groupthink 1982, dan crucial decisions 1989 groupthink pemikiran kelompok berkembang dari kajian mengenai kohesivitas. Avoiding groupthink means that everybody should be free to expres. Experimental research on groupthink has sought to provide such development.
Janis had conducted extensive research on group decisionmaking under. After the publication of janis book victims of groupthink in 1972, and a revised edition with the title groupthink. Janis uses several case studies of what he considers to be groupthink the bay of pigs. A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commi.
A psychological study of foreign policy decisions and fiascoes by irving l. These measures included instituting impartial leadership and more systematic ways of evaluating choice alternatives. We firmly establish the link between groupthink and terrorist radicalization by. History and the daily newspaper provide examples of policy decisions made by groups that resulted in fiascoes. Janis 1982 wrote that the invidiousness is intentional p. This view of groupthink as an undesirable phenomenon continues to be evidenced in janis s most recent work.
Houghton mifflin, 1982 groupthink, a term coined by social psychologist irving janis 1972, occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment. Penilaian berlebihan terhadap kelompok keyakinan yang keliru bahwa kelompoknya lebih dari dirinya yang sebenarnya ilusi akan ketidakrentanan illusion of invulnerability. Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes in 1982,12. Deciding with the leader and the devil springerlink. An empirical investigation of the groupthink phenomenon. Next, an overview of the history of groupthink research will be presented, followed by a conceptualization of the principal. The term groupthink was first introduced in the november 1971 issue of psychology today by psychologist irving janis.
A different perspective on the occurrence of policy fiascoes, prospect polarization, is offered. Ppt what is groupthink groupthink, a term coined by social psychologist irving janis 1972, occurs when a powerpoint presentation free to view id. The groupthink model janis, 1971,1972,1982 is the most. Interpersonal synchrony influences collaborative problemsolving. Irving janis s work on groupthink has attracted considerable attention from those who seek to explain foreignpolicy decision making. Janis originally defined groupthink as a mode of thinking that people engage. Irving janis, victims of groupthink, houghton mifflin. The abilene paradox, sometimes called the crisis of agreement, is different than group think as identified by janis. Second, the paper discribes how groupthink contributed to unethical behavior in three organizations beechnut, e. Twenty five years of groupthink theory and soc ucsb edupdf. Michael harvey and colleagues 2004 clarify distinctions between the abilene paradox and group think. Groupthink is defined as the extreme concurrence seeking exhibited by decision making groups janis, 1972, 1982.
Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes in 1982, the concept of groupthink was used by whom. Janis hypothesized that groupthink is likely to occur when a group is facing situations involving crisis or extreme stress and when the group has a configuration of antecedent characteristics. Nasa groupthink space shuttle challenger disaster nasa. Apr 01, 1985 the effects of group cohesiveness and leader behavior on janis 1982 symptoms of defective decision making were investigated within a laboratory setting.
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